You will develop an annotated bibliography of scholarly sources to be utilized in researching a topic related to the US Healthcare Delivery System.?Annotated

HSD 266 FALL 2024

Assignment: Annotated Bibliography DUE WEEK 12 – Sunday, November 24, 2024

5 ARTICLES

Students will develop an annotated bibliography of scholarly sources to be utilized in researching

a topic related to the US Healthcare Delivery System. The annotated bibliography is one of

several assignments as part of the course the student will develop throughout the semester and

submit for a final review.

Students will choose a TOPIC for the annotated bibliography from the list of topics provided,

conduct the research for 5 primary peer-reviewed journal articles, then developed the annotated

bibliography using the template shown below.

References should be current (within 5 years) and appropriate to the chosen lesson topic.

Of the references, 5 primary peer-reviewed journal articles, listed alphabetically. Primary

sources describe an original study.

APA requires annotations to be double-spaced.

Each entry must have proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation, including the following

components:

1. First, provide a full reference using accurate APA style (all references need a URL or

doi). The reference should be in bold with a hanging indent.

2. Next, provide a brief 1-2 paragraph narrative covering the scope of the source, such as

the study purpose, design, results, data collection method etc. (see format).

*No reference page is required since the reference format proceeds the annotation.

Format of evaluative annotation: (see also mini lecture)

Clear and succinct, no bullets, in paragraph format!

• First paragraph: include 3-4 sentences of a concise general summary of what the article

says (central theme), including the purpose of the study.

Provide the following required details:

o type of study (design),

o sample,

o data collection method,

o results, and

o conclusion.

▪ Hint: Keep study details in order as listed

• Second paragraph:

o Provide a brief summary of the application of each source to your chosen topic as

it relates to the US Healthcare Delivery System, and why you chose this source.

HSD 266 FALL 2024

PLEASE UPLOAD ASSIGNMENT USING MICROSOFT WORD. SEE BELOW FOR AN

EXAMPLE OF A WRITTEN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPY

Student Name

Name of University

Annotated Bibliography-Topic here

Name of Course

Course Number

Teacher Name

Submission Date

HSD 266 FALL 2024

Topic: Crisis Communication in Higher Education

Thesis Statement: Crisis communication is equally as important in higher education as it is in

large businesses, government organizations, and the like. Crisis communication managers must

be equipped with tools that support good decision-making when organizations are faced with a

crisis event that minimizes the damage to organizational reputation.

Annotated Bibliography

Coombs, W.T. (2004). Impact of past crises on current crisis communication insights from

situational crisis communication theory. Journal of Business Communication. 41 (3),

265-289. Doi: 10.1177/0021943604265607. Coombs pointed out in this article the impact

of past crises on current organizational crisis and how this may affect the reputation of an

organization. Coombs further noted that the type of crisis whether it is intentional or not

will be evaluated by the public as to whether it will continue to support the organization

or perhaps withdraw its support from the organization. How crisis communication

managers handled past crisis will have an effect on its current crisis situation. Coombs

posits situation crisis communication theory (SCCT) as the theoretical framework that

may explain why a current crisis may turn into multiple crises depending on the

organization history with past crisis events. Coombs recommends that an effective crisis

communication strategy must incorporate past crisis into the messaging such that

companies are not blindsided by their past deeds and is able to protect the organization’s

reputation.

HSD 266 FALL 2024

This research was designed to test the SCCT theory and Phillip Petroleum

Company was the test case. This research provided evidence that indeed past crises

shapes the perception of current crisis. The core of the SCCT theory is crisis

responsibility—when an organization accepts responsibility for the crisis event. As my

own proposed research develops, managing organizational reputation is a key component

to understand in higher education, which has had limited experience in the branding

research market. While the country’s top tier institutions have enjoyed great branding,

most colleges and universities across our country are not as fortunate and therefore

building and maintaining a good reputation will become increasingly important as the

competition in higher education continues. The goal of developing the organization’s

reputation is mitigate the potential impact in times of crisis.

Coombs, W.T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and

application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10,

163-176. Doi: 10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049. Coombs suggested in this article that

managing organizational crisis and protecting the organizational reputation, key to a

successful communication strategy and will determine how stakeholders interact with the

company post crisis. He suggests here and elsewhere that post-crisis communication

management is important. This article proposes the Situation Crisis Communication

Theory (SCCT) as a set of communication guidelines which are evidence-based to assist

in the evaluation process. This research continues to ask the question as to how

HSD 266 FALL 2024

stakeholders respond to post-crises events and this response may inform post-crisis

communication. This article affirms my own proposed research in the area of

crisis communication and the importance of evaluating pre-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis

events in higher education. SCCT could be further validated in the higher education

setting.

Lui, B. F., Austin, L., Jin, Y. (2011). How publics respond to crisis communication strategies:

The interplay of information form and source. Public Relations Review. 37 (4), 345-353.

In this article Lui and her colleagues linked the public response to crisis communication

to the various forms and sources of communication such as traditional media versus

social media, and word-of-mouth. The purpose of their research study was to empirically

test two components of the social-mediate crisis communication model (SMCC), which

were the effects of crisis communication form (traditional, social media, and word-of-

mouth) and the source (third party and organization). The results of this research showed

that the public was more likely to accept defensive, supportive, and evasive crisis

responses via traditional media mechanism directly from the organization than the social

media and word-of-mouth mechanism. While Lui and colleagues’ article was testing the

utility of the SMCC model, it is important to understand the role social media will play

now and in the future on how organizations use social media to respond to organizational

crisis through communication crisis management.

This article makes an important contribution to my proposed research on crisis

communication in higher education. Organizations like universities and colleges are

HSD 266 FALL 2024

steeped in tradition and while there has been an increased use of the social media, it is

important to know that traditional media, such as town hall meetings, official memos are

still important and valuable means of disseminating critical information to stakeholders.

Maringe, F. (2005). Interrogating the crisis in higher education marketing: the CORD model,

International Journal of Educational Management, 19 (7), 564-578.

Doi:10.1108/09513540510625608. Maringe makes the case for crisis communication in

higher education with respect to a marketing culture. Maringe suggests there are five

distinct but interrelated marketing concepts that university environments already believe

they meet. These are product orientation, product view, selling philosophy, marketing

philosophy, and societal marketing philosophy. This research supports the argument that

it is only recently that universities and colleges understood their need to engage in

marketing and why image building or reputation branding is an important communication

asset. Maringe presents the CORD model as a tool to examine marketing strategies in

higher education. CORD is Contextualization, Organization, Research & Development

(Maringe, 2005, p. 572).

This research article supports my own proposed topic in crisis communication in

that it provides another theoretical framework aimed at university environments that

contextualize marketing strategies for universities and colleges. Additionally, this

provides another tool that emphasizes the multiple roles of students as they interact with

members of the university. Maringe succinctly pointed out four identities of students as

1) customers, 2) clients, 3) citizens, and 4) subjects. This was an important revelation in

understanding marketing attributes.

Stephen, K.K., Barrett, A.K., Mahometa, M.J. (2013). Organizational communication in

HSD 266 FALL 2024

emergencies: Using multiple channels and sources to combat noise and capture attention.

Human Communication Research, 39, 230-251. Doi: 10.1111/hcre.12002. Stephen and

colleagues highlight organizational communication in the midst of a campus crisis. These

researchers wanted to understand people’s reaction to an on-campus crisis such as an

“active shooter”. This research was most interested in how people grasps the urgency of a

message through the multiple notification channels and which channel was considered

the best to get an urgent message to the stakeholders. These researchers found that three

(3) repeated message coming through one synchronous source (i.e. phone, face-to-face)

was perceived as more urgent compared to the text messaging (the official source) which

received the lowest sense of urgency. This was an interesting finding, as universities have

invested many resources in emergency communication tools and texting has been one of

the main tools used. This study reveals that because of the information overload (these

authors call it noise) that people deal with on a day-to-day basis, that perceived

emergency can simply become lost.

This article adds another important dimension to the proposed research topic in

that designing crisis communication plans in advance of an organizational crisis such as

the one described here is important. The key takeaway is designing a strategic message

that lends itself to the source that reaches the intended recipients in the higher education

community.